Monywa Township also is the most-developed township in Sagaing Region. Therefore, many people immigrate to Monywa Township. Most moved from the rural areas of Monywa Township. In this study, push and pull factors of migration are studied and inferences are made based on sample migrants. Two-stage stratified cluster sampling method is used to collect the required information. Factor analysis is used to detect the important push and pull factors of migration. Among sample households, Concerned with push and pull factors of migration, 18 statements were asked to determine whether these were important or not important for each subject.
Based on this information, the important factors were detected using factor analysis. A better living condition is the first and most significant factor with maximum percentage of variance which motivates the people to migrate to Monywa Township. The second most- important factor is better public service with second largest percentage of variance, which is also a push factor because the reasons for migration are that the level of service in their previous location was poor.
Subjects also were dissatisfied with public transportation of their previous location and a lack of safety in previous places.
Click here to view the entire research report. Introduction Migration is the movement of people from one location to another and widely associated with change of permanent place of residence. Reasons of Migration are inter-regional and intraregional disparities at macro level and fundamentally lack of employment opportunities resulting low standard of living conditions among different socio-economic groups at micro level.
There are three components of population change. They are mortality, fertility and migration. There are two types of migration: internal migration and international migration. Internal migration is the movement of people from one place to other place in a given country. International migration is the movement of people from one country to another in order to take up employment of establish residence or to increase in living standard. Various scholars study the migration for different purposes.
Sociologists have emphasized social and cultural consequences of migration. While geographers have laid stress on the time and distance significance of migration, economists emphasize on the economic aspect of migration. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are to examine the socio-economic characteristics of migrants and to find out the significant pull and push factors of migration in Monywa township.
Method of Study To get the required data for the study, stratified two-stage cluster sampling with proportional to size with replacement at first stage and simple random sampling at second stage was used.
And then, socio-economic characteristics of migrants were analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics. The significant pull and push factors of migration were detected by using factor analysis.
Limitations of the Study The present study was restricted to the urban area of Monywa township only. The target population is all of household heads in Monywa township.
This study was based on only 18 factors although there are many factors which have been developed by different researchers. Factors of Migration The important factors which motivate people to move can be classified into five categories. They are economic factors, demographic factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors and miscellaneous factors. In developing countries, low agricultural income, agricultural unemployment and underemployment are considered basic factors pushing the migrants towards developed area with greater job opportunities.
Thus, almost all studies concur that most of migrants have moved in search of better economic opportunities. The push factors are factors that compel a person, due to different reasons, to leave that place and go to some other place.
The common push factors are low productivity, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities for advancement, exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities.
Introduction of capital intensive methods of production into agricultural sector, and mechanization of certain processes reduce labour requirement in rural areas. The non-availability of alternative sources of income in rural area is also important factor for migration.
The Pull Factors are factors which attract the migrants to an area. Opportunities for better employment, higher wages, facilities, better working conditions and attractive amenities are pull factors of an area. Fertility and the natural increase in population are generally higher in rural areas which drift the population towards the city. Sometimes family conflicts, the quest for independence, also cause migration especially, of those in the younger generation.
Improved communication facilities, such as, transportation, impact of television, good network communication, the cinema, the urban oriented education and resultant change in attitudes and values also promote migration. After , most of rural people migrated to urban because of safety in Myanmar.
Hence, the political background, attitudes and individual viewpoint of the people influenced on the migration of people. Closeness of cultural contacts, cultural diversity, great vitality, individual attitudes are also associated with migration. Socio-economic Profile of Migrants Most of the migrants were aged between 50 and 59 years. The second highest percentage can be seen in the age-group Education level of most of the migrants was primary level.
Most of the migrants were own account workers. Most of the migrants lived in the second important commercial center. Their household sizes were found 6 household members as the highest percentage. These figures were presented in Appendix. Factor Analysis To identify the factors which influence the migration of residents in urban area of Monywa township, Factor Analysis Approach has been used.
The general purpose of factor analysis is to find a way in condensing the information contained in a number of original variables into a smaller set of new, composite dimensions factors with a minimum loss of information. The suitability of the data for factor analysis can be tested on the basis of following criterion: i A visual inspection of the correlation data matrix can reveal whether there are sufficient correlations to justify factor analysis.
In order for true factors to exist in the data these values must be small. The index ranges from 0 to 1. Small values of KMO measure indicate that a factor analysis of variables may not be a good idea, since correlation between pairs of variables cannot be explained by the other variables. A high value between 0. To obtain factor solutions two basic models: common factor and principal component analysis are needed to be used. Principal Component Analysis is used to summarize most of the original information in a minimum number of factors for prediction purposes.
Common Factor Analysis is used to identify underlying factors or dimensions reflecting what the variables shares in common. In this study, principal component method of factoring was used. It is a statistical technique that linearly transforms an original set of variables into a substantially smaller set of uncorrelated variables that represents most of the information in the original set of variables.
The linear combinations of variables are used to account for variation of each dimension in a multivariate space. Communality is the amount of variance an original variable shares with others. Factor loadings are the correlation between the original variable and the factor.
There are four criteria to determine the number of factors to be extracted. In latent root criteria, only those factors which have latent roots greater than one are considered. In percentage of variance criteria, that the cumulative percentage of variance extracted by successive factors must be greater than 60 is good enough in social science.
At least one factor more than latent root criterion is usually extracted. In this study, firstly latent roots were examined and then the Scree test was used.
Percentage of explained variance was also considered. And then loading are rotated to make them more interpretable by making the loading for each factor either large or small, not in between. For rotation, Orthogonal or Oblique method can be applied. In orthogonal rotation method, the axes are maintained at 90 degree so that the resulting factors are uncorrelated.
In Oblique Rotation method, the axes are rotated, without maintaining the 90 degrees angel between them. SAMPLING Non-probability sampling was employed in this study, as there are no known registries of persons who have indicated their emigration or immigration status, therefore the full population is not known. Three non-probability sampling methods were employed in collecting data: snowballing, purposive and convenience. Snowballing was used when trying to canvas hard to find respondents as well as likeminded persons as the respondents already located.
Purposive sampling was used as this researcher sought to acquire respondents with particular attributes. Such respondents were persons who were readily available to engage in the interview process and convenient to locate. This study comprised thirty two 32 females and eight 8 males making a total of forty.
Crime and violence were the most discussed issues as they were a major concern. The literature has shown that there is a domino effect which stems from both crime and violence, which in turn has implications for available economic and social opportunities. Most respondents recognized if crime and violence were not contained, Jamaica would find itself in a seriously bad situation, being unable to create or provide opportunities for the general population.
Parkins: Push and Pull Factors of Migration 17 The issue of occupational matching and professional development were burning issues. For persons who have already migrated, the lack of the ideal job opportunities heavily influenced the decision to migrate. For those who are in the process or thinking of migrating, the feelings are similar.
On the other hand, those who have chosen not to migrate indicated that they were happy in their careers in Jamaica. Interestingly, all respondents in this category, with the exception of one person, stated that they were employed in their area of training and expertise. The lack of economic opportunities was another major issue which surfaced across the board.
For those who have already migrated, are in the process of migrating and are thinking about migrating, the lack of social or economic opportunities in Jamaica heavily influenced their position in emigration.
Some of the respondents expressed frustration about not being able to acquire certain basic assets. Respondents who indicated they were not migrating claimed despite the global recession, they believed that economically, they were better off in Jamaica than they would be abroad.
These respondents reported their income was sufficient and allowed them to access to what they deemed important. Most respondents indicated they did not lead or desire an extravagant lifestyle. Generally speaking, those who are thinking of, or are in the process of migration believe that since their finances are not healthy, it is unlikely that they will be able to afford services such as good health and education opportunities.
Overseas respondents shared similar views while persons who have no intentions to migrate reported that they are satisfied with social life in Jamaica. Table 6 below illustrates the main reasons on which each group has based its decision, to migrate or not to migrate, and Table 7 provides the reader with a synopsis of the sentiments shared by interviewees.
Just too to be getting crime situation. After Canada and within employer] for 15 Mismatch am finally getting finishing my 6 months we years. I have been to do what I want masters in heard from them promoted twice and to do with the International to begin the now I am doing my exception that I Relations I process. Two masters I am sure I now get some cannot get a friends of mine will be moving up.
I have always I can afford a rent a place or motivated in our had the opportunity to house [instead of even buy one so current jobs here work in the field of my an apartment] for now I am because we choice and have been and I can pay my chilling by the cannot see what able to afford a bills and still live. I which has for. I family. I want to be gamble like that. When I about expenses sometimes but I think how long I like dem killing mi.
Among them is the fact Canada is the country of migration choice mainly because of its current immigration policies, which welcome highly skilled migrants. Individuals with children are most likely to migrate as they want a better life for their children and individuals are willing to go into new environments to get away.
It was found males are least likely to migrate. The majority of respondents who are thinking of, are in the process of, or have already migrated have no intention of sending remittances and the majority of respondents who are thinking of, are in the process of, or have already migrated have no intention of returning to Jamaica in the near future.
However, the various implications for Jamaica must be considered. Highly skilled persons are the bedrock of most developed societies. This is why there appears to be a global hunt on for talent.
Kapur and McHale , p. Apart from the skill set that the migrant takes with them, there are costs associated with acquiring same. While some persons may have benefited from private preparatory education, most, if not all, have consumed secondary education in Jamaica. The cost of this is financed by the taxpayers of Jamaica.
In addition, tertiary education is heavily subsidized by taxpayers up to eighty percent. In addition to the loss of the positive externalities generated by highly skilled workers in a developing economy, skilled migration can reduce the capacity to deliver key services that are important for economic and social development. The flight of highly educated individuals also has implications for future investment, which in turn has serious implications for social and economic opportunities for the general populace.
If it is suggested there is a high correlation between high levels of education and low levels of crime, then it could be implied with the migration of highly skilled professionals, the threat of escalating violence is imminent.
This has severe implications for foreign and local investment as the costs associated with crime and violence, in some cases, outweighs the benefits of doing business in Jamaica. With the decline of industries, the economy risks the chance of becoming sluggish or stagnant which in turn affects the volume of basic goods and services available to the general population. Migration also has implications for family structures and as Ritchie Dawson , p. While migration has some negative implications for Jamaica, there are some positive outcomes.
Remittances have rivaled bauxite and tourism as a major income earner for the Jamaican economy. In fact migration is often associated with remittances and perhaps this is why there has been a deafening silence on the matter.
However, one must be cautious when praising the notion of remittances. The core question is whether or not remittances are worth all the negatives associated with such heavy emigration as is experienced in Jamaica.
Lowell , p. There is a sizable literature on the impact of remittances but some ambiguity about whether or not remittances boost economic development. Most remittances are spent either on basics like food or medicine, or on consumption goods such as televisions or clothing. While basic expenditures may help poor households, the purchase of consumption goods, it has been argued, stimulates imports and not domestic manufacturing.
Schmid , p. It cannot be assumed that all migrants remit to the same extent. This involves the migrant gaining experience and knowledge from First World countries to be later used in the country of origin. According to Hunger , p. However, one cannot deny the implications for Jamaica are highly dependent on how migration is managed overall. Parkins: Push and Pull Factors of Migration 23 Caribbean migration in general and Jamaican migration in particular requires more in-depth research and analysis to gain insight into the dynamics and dimensions of migration.
The potential for further research exists in areas such as taking a closer look at the ethnic and social backgrounds of migratory Jamaican professionals as well as their remittance patterns. Other areas which require further research are their social relationships and the ease or difficulty in adjusting to life in the host country. There is great need to explore the lifestyles of these migrants in their host country as not enough empirical evidence exists about their life in their host country.
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Demography, 3 1 , Lowell, B. Geneva: International Labour Office. International Migration Branch. International Labour Office. Marshall, D. Levine ed. New York: Praeger Publishers. Martin, P. Massey, D. Nurse, K. Diaspora, Migration and Development in the Americas. Kingston: Jamaica Printing Services Limited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Potter, B.
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